Mimâmsâ is a Sanskrit term that translates to “investigation” or “critical reflection.”
It represents one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy primarily focused on the interpretation and application of Vedic texts.
This school seeks to understand and explain the nature of dharma (duty/righteousness) through the systematic study of the Vedas.
Historical Background and Significance
Originating during the early post-Vedic period of Indian history, Mimâmsâ played a critical role in the preservation and interpretation of the Vedic rituals.
Jaimini, an ancient Indian sage, penned the foundational text of this philosophy known as the Mimâmsâ Sutra.
The main aim of the Mimâmsâ school was to provide a theological basis for the practice of Vedic rituals, emphasizing the importance of these rituals in connecting with the divine and fulfilling one’s dharma.
Historically, Mimâmsâ has been influential in shaping Indian ritualistic traditions, setting it apart from other philosophical systems that leaned more towards metaphysical speculations.
Distinction between Purva Mimâmsâ and Uttara Mimâmsâ (Vedanta)
The Mimâmsâ tradition is broadly divided into two sub-schools: Purva Mimâmsâ and Uttara Mimâmsâ.
Purva Mimâmsâ:
Focuses primarily on the early parts of the Vedas, especially the Brahmanas and Samhitas.
Concerned mainly with the rituals and ceremonies described in the Vedas, providing a detailed analysis of their significance and methods of execution.
Does not concern itself deeply with metaphysical questions about the universe or the nature of the divine.
Uttara Mimâmsâ (Vedanta):
Focuses on the end parts of the Vedas, especially the Upanishads.
While it is rooted in the Vedas, Vedanta delves deeper into questions about the ultimate reality (Brahman), the nature of the self (Atman), and the relationship between the two.
Vedanta is less ritualistic than its counterpart and more oriented towards meditation and philosophical understanding.
Role in Indian Epistemology
Mimâmsâ has made significant contributions to Indian epistemology, especially concerning the methods of knowledge acquisition and validation.
It recognizes the Pramanas, sources of valid knowledge, particularly emphasizing Śabda (testimony) as a key Pramana. Here, the testimony refers primarily to the words of the Vedas, considered to be the ultimate authority.
While other Indian philosophical schools also recognized perception (Pratyakṣa) and inference (Anumāna) as valid means of knowledge, Mimâmsâ’s unique emphasis on Śabda underscores its central concern with the Vedas and rituals.
The detailed analysis of language and interpretation methods provided by Mimâmsâ scholars has also influenced other Indian philosophical traditions and has been instrumental in debates about the nature of meaning, the validity of sources, and the mechanisms of knowledge transfer.
II. Core Concepts and Terminologies in Mimâmsâ
Dharma as Duty and Ritual Action
Dharma is a multifaceted term in Indian philosophy and holds a central place in the Mimâmsâ tradition.
It is often translated as ‘duty’, ‘morality’, or ‘righteousness’, but its understanding within Mimâmsâ extends beyond mere ethical duties.
In the Mimâmsâ perspective, Dharma is the set of ritual actions prescribed in the Vedas that lead to desired outcomes, both worldly and transcendent.
The rigorous adherence to these rituals ensures the proper functioning of the cosmic order and brings about prosperity and well-being.
Ritual actions, when performed correctly, ensure the favor of the deities and align the individual with the cosmic principles.
Concept of Karma and its Relation to Dharma
Karma, a prevalent term in various Indian philosophies, refers to action or deed, both physical and mental.
Within Mimâmsâ, Karma is intricately connected to Dharma, emphasizing ritual actions and their consequences.
The underlying principle is that every action, especially rituals as prescribed in the Vedas, has a corresponding reaction, often manifested in future lives.
Adhering to one’s Dharma (ritualistic duties) ensures the accumulation of good Karma, leading to favorable outcomes.
Conversely, neglecting Dharma or engaging in prohibited actions accumulates negative Karma, resulting in undesirable consequences.
The cycle of action and reaction, intertwined with Dharma, forms the foundation of moral and cosmic order in Mimâmsâ philosophy.
Artha (Purpose or Goal) and its Importance in Mimâmsâ Philosophy
Artha is one of the four primary aims of human life in Indian philosophy, often translated as ‘purpose’, ‘goal’, or ‘meaning’.
In the Mimâmsâ context, Artha is the purpose or objective behind the performance of Vedic rituals and duties (Dharma).
It is believed that through the correct performance of rituals, individuals can achieve specific worldly and spiritual goals, be it prosperity, good health, or transcendental states.
Artha, as a goal, guides the selection and execution of rituals, ensuring that actions align with the desired outcomes.
By understanding the Artha behind a ritual, practitioners can ensure its effectiveness and make informed choices in their spiritual journey.
Role of the Vedas in Establishing Dharma and Rituals
The Vedas are ancient Indian scriptures, revered as the eternal and unchanging word of the divine.
In Mimâmsâ philosophy, the Vedas hold unparalleled authority and are considered the primary source of knowledge about Dharma and rituals.
They provide detailed instructions on how rituals should be performed, the materials required, and the mantras to be chanted.
The Vedas are seen as infallible; their teachings are timeless truths that don’t depend on human authors or historical context.
Rituals derived from the Vedas are considered effective precisely because they originate from this divine source.
In essence, the Vedas play a pivotal role in defining what constitutes Dharma, guiding individuals in their pursuit of righteousness, and ensuring cosmic harmony through ritual actions.
III. The Epistemological Foundations of Mimâmsâ
The Pramanas (means of valid knowledge) in Mimâmsâ
In the vast sphere of Indian philosophy, Pramanas act as instruments or means that lead to valid knowledge. Mimâmsâ, like other schools, recognizes multiple Pramanas, utilizing them to ascertain the truths embedded within Vedic scriptures.
Mimâmsâ primarily emphasizes the role of Pramanas in deciphering the correct interpretations of Vedic rituals and duties.
Given its rich nature, the understanding of Pramanas becomes crucial for delving deep into any philosophical subject, as they form the basis for establishing veracity and truth in assertions.
Pratyakṣa (perception) as a source of knowledge
Pratyakṣa, translated as perception, is the direct, immediate cognition of the world around us. It stands as the foremost and most primal among the Pramanas.
Within the Mimâmsâ philosophy, Pratyakṣa is deemed a foundational source of knowledge, a window to reality that is untainted by inference or assumption.
It serves as the cornerstone for understanding rituals, as direct experiences and observations are integral to correctly perform Vedic rites.
Perception, in this context, spans beyond just sensory experiences, often encompassing a deep internal realization that is born out of rigorous rituals and practices.
Anumāna (inference) and its place in Mimâmsâ
Anumāna, known in English as inference, is the process of deriving a new conclusion based on what is already known or observed.
In Mimâmsâ, while Pratyakṣa stands as the primal source of knowledge, Anumāna isn’t sidelined. It assists in areas where direct perception falls short.
This Pramana comes into play, especially when interpreting complex Vedic rituals or mantras where direct observation alone isn’t sufficient.
For instance, understanding the effects of a ritual in the grander scheme of cosmic order might demand inference, extrapolating the knowledge from texts, teachings, or prior observations.
Śabda (testimony) and the authority of the Vedas
Śabda, translated as testimony, is a means of valid knowledge derived from words or statements of a reliable source.
Mimâmsâ places an immense amount of importance on Śabda, especially when those words emanate from the Vedas, the timeless and infallible scriptures of ancient India.
Given its unwavering belief in the divinity and authority of the Vedas, Mimâmsâ views Vedic testimony as an unquestionable source of truth.
This deep reverence for the Vedas stems from a foundational belief in their apauruṣeyatva (non-human origin), asserting that they are not tainted by human faults since they weren’t authored by mortals. Consequently, the Vedas, for Mimâmsâ, stand as the pinnacle of Śabda Pramana, guiding the philosophy in matters of Dharma, rituals, and more.
IV. Interpretation of Sacred Texts
Principles of Vedic exegesis
The ancient practice of systematically studying the Vedas.
Emphasis on a harmonious understanding of the text.
Key elements:
Contextual analysis: Understanding verses in their proper setting.
Phonetics: The correct pronunciation ensures the right comprehension and power of Vedic mantras.
Ritualistic significance: Determining how passages relate to rites and ceremonies.
The significance of linguistic analysis in Mimâmsâ
Words are pivotal in grasping the essence of sacred texts.
Precision in language leads to an accurate interpretation.
Important components:
Syntax and grammar: Ensures that verses are understood in their true structure.
Etymology: Unearths the origin of words, enhancing depth of understanding.
Semantics: Probes into the meaning of words and phrases, reducing ambiguity.
Methods of reconciling conflicting scriptural passages
A frequent challenge in Vedic literature due to vastness and variety.
Key techniques include:
Contextual reconciliation: Relating conflicting verses to their unique circumstances or rituals.
Hierarchical resolution: Giving precedence to one verse over another based on its significance.
Composite interpretation: Merging multiple verses to draw a unified understanding.
Symbolic interpretation: Viewing certain texts as allegorical or metaphorical, rather than literal.
Role of reasoning in scriptural interpretation
Reasoning acts as a bridge between tradition and logical interpretation.
Facilitates an adaptable and relevant understanding of texts.
Resolving ambiguities: Using logic to deduce the most plausible meaning.
Establishing the validity of scriptural assertions.
Enhancing the applicability: Relating ancient wisdom to contemporary issues.
While tradition dictates a reverence for the Vedas, reasoning ensures that interpretations remain grounded and practical.
V. Dharma, Rituals, and Ethics
Comparison of Mimâmsâ’s view of Dharma with other Indian philosophies
Mimâmsâ Philosophy
Dharma is derived directly from the Vedas and is inherently tied to ritual performance.
It posits that performing Vedic rituals leads to prosperity and happiness in this life and the next.
Does not focus on gods or deities, but rather on the power of rituals and their proper execution.
Vedanta Philosophy
Dharma is based on an individual’s duty and the universal law governing the universe.
Focuses on self-realization and attaining moksha (liberation) rather than ritual performance.
Acknowledges the role of the divine and the need to connect with it.
Samkhya Philosophy
Dharma is connected to discerning the difference between the self (purusha) and matter (prakriti).
Does not prioritize rituals, but rather personal introspection and understanding.
Sees Dharma as the path to ultimate knowledge and liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
Yoga Philosophy
Dharma relates to self-discipline, meditation, and the eight-fold path.
While rituals can be part of the practice, the focus is on personal spiritual growth.
Concentrates on uniting the individual soul with the universal spirit.
Rituals as essential components of Dharma
Significance of Rituals in Mimâmsâ
Rituals are seen as mandatory duties.
Proper execution of rituals ensures the maintenance of cosmic and social order.
Rituals help in the accumulation of good karma.
Types of Rituals
Nitya rituals: Daily rituals, obligatory and failure to perform leads to negative karma.
Naimittika rituals: Occasional rituals, to be performed during specific events or times.
Kamya rituals: Optional rituals, performed to fulfill certain desires.
Rituals and Social Structure
Mimâmsâ emphasizes the role of rituals in upholding the societal hierarchy.
Rituals often varied based on one’s caste or stage in life.
Ethical implications of performing (or not performing) rituals
Moral Dimensions
Rituals are not just mechanical acts, but carry moral weight.
Ethical righteousness (Dharma) is upheld by performing rituals.
Consequences of Neglect
Neglecting obligatory rituals can lead to negative karma.
Non-performance can disturb the cosmic balance.
Motivation Behind Rituals
Rituals should be performed with sincerity and not just as a mere duty.
The intention behind the ritual is as important as the ritual itself.
The concept of apurva and its role in linking rituals to results
Definition of Apurva
An unseen force that connects the ritual act to its future result.
Explains the time-gap between performing a ritual and experiencing its outcome.
Role in Mimâmsâ Philosophy
Apurva bridges the gap between cause (ritual) and effect (desired result).
Ensures that rituals, even if not immediately fruitful, will yield results in the future.
Implications of Apurva
Reinforces the importance of rituals in daily life.
Provides an explanation for the unseen results of actions, instilling faith in the ritualistic process.
VI. Debate and Dialogue within Mimâmsâ
Notable scholars and their contributions
Jaimini: The foundational philosopher of the Mimâmsâ school who penned the Mimâmsâ Sutra. This work systematized ritual exegesis, laying down the primary principles.
Śabara: Developed a detailed commentary on Jaimini’s work called Śabara Bhāṣya. It is known for its comprehensive elaborations on ritual performance and its justification.
Kumārila Bhaṭṭa: A prominent Mimâmsâ scholar who composed Ślokavārttika. He defended Vedic authority against Buddhist critiques, and was instrumental in revitalizing Hindu philosophical tradition during a period of Buddhist dominance.
Prabhākara: Offered a different interpretation of Mimâmsâ in his Bṛhatī. He diverged from Kumārila on several key principles, leading to the formation of two main Mimâmsâ sub-schools, namely the Bhaṭṭa and the Prābhākara.
Key debates within the Mimâmsâ tradition
Authority of the Vedas: A central tenet, with scholars stressing its apauruṣeyatva (impersonal nature) to counter critiques from other philosophical traditions.
Dharma’s Nature: While all Mimâmsakas accept rituals as key, there were internal debates about what truly constitutes Dharma and how it should be understood.
Perception and Inference: Differences arose in the understanding of valid means of knowledge, especially between the Bhaṭṭa and Prābhākara schools.
Nature of Apurva: Although accepted as the unseen force linking ritual to result, its exact nature and operation led to numerous discussions among scholars.
Comparison of Mimâmsâ with other Indian philosophical schools on key topics
Vedānta: While Mimâmsâ focuses on karmakāṇḍa (ritualistic actions) of the Vedas, Vedānta focuses on jñānakāṇḍa (knowledge portion). Mimâmsâ prioritizes rituals; Vedānta stresses knowledge and meditation for moksha.
Nyāya: The logical tradition of India. It deals with means of obtaining valid knowledge. Both schools respect the Vedic tradition, but differ in their methods and applications of logic.
Sāṅkhya: An atheistic school emphasizing dualism between puruṣa (self) and prakṛti (nature). While it aligns with Mimâmsâ on naturalism, it deviates in the emphasis on cosmic evolution and the role of the self.
Yoga: Prioritizes meditation and moral discipline. It agrees with Mimâmsâ on Vedic authority, but places more emphasis on meditation for self-realization.
Mimâmsâ’s influence on other schools of thought
Vedānta: While differing in their focus, Vedānta borrowed Mimâmsâ’s techniques of textual interpretation to explain Upaniṣads.
Nyāya: Adopted Mimâmsâ’s detailed logical and epistemological tools to refine its own systems of argumentation and proof.
Dharmaśāstra: Mimâmsâ’s elaborations on Vedic rituals influenced this legal and ethical text, which elaborates on moral law and social duties.
VII. Contemporary Relevance of Mimâmsâ
Mimâmsâ in Modern Indian Legal Systems
Mimâmsâ has significantly influenced the hermeneutical principles of the Indian legal system.
Traditionally, Mimâmsâ focuses on textual interpretation of the Vedas; this approach has been adopted in interpreting legal texts.
Its techniques, such as the six maxims (Nyāya), are used to elucidate ambiguous legal provisions.
Dharma, central to Mimâmsâ, has parallels in legal contexts as principles of righteousness or law.
The Indian judiciary often delves into Dharmaśāstra texts, which were deeply influenced by Mimâmsâ, for understanding ancient customs and traditions.
Mimâmsâ’s Influence on Current Ethical and Moral Debates
Mimâmsâ’s stress on ritual performance and ethical duties provides a unique perspective in moral philosophy.
It propounds that rituals and duties are inherently good, giving a deontological stance in ethics.
Current debates on duty versus rights can draw upon Mimâmsâ’s insights on the primacy of duties.
Its intricate analyses of Dharma shed light on the multifaceted nature of ethics, encompassing individual and societal responsibilities.
Application of Mimâmsâ Principles in Modern Scholarship
Hermeneutical methods of Mimâmsâ find application in modern literary criticism and textual analysis.
Scholars in linguistics and semiotics have been intrigued by Mimâmsâ’s exploration of word-meaning relations and sentence semantics.
The tradition’s approach to inference and testimony offers tools for contemporary epistemological inquiries.
Mimâmsâ’s robust logical framework is studied in philosophy of logic for its distinct Indian approach to reasoning and argumentation.
Integration of Mimâmsâ Ideas in Global Philosophical Discourse
Global philosophers have recognized the depth of Mimâmsâ epistemology and its contributions to universal philosophical concerns.
Its emphasis on experiential knowledge through rituals resonates with phenomenological traditions in the West.
The analytical rigor in Mimâmsâ’s textual exegesis is comparable to the Western traditions of hermeneutics, like those of Heidegger and Gadamer.
Comparative philosophy studies have drawn parallels between Mimâmsâ’s ideas and those in Western philosophy, establishing a dialogue between the traditions.
The global academic curriculum on Indian philosophy often includes Mimâmsâ for its pivotal role in shaping Indian intellectual history.
VIII. Criticisms and Counterarguments
Common critiques of Mimâmsâ philosophy
Perceived rigidity: Some argue that Mimâmsâ places undue emphasis on Vedic rituals, potentially sidelining moral and ethical considerations.
Textual centrism: Critics point out an over-reliance on textual authority, which may lead to limited adaptability in changing socio-cultural contexts.
Absence of a deity: Unlike other Indian philosophical systems, Mimâmsâ doesn’t focus on a central deity, leading some to label it as atheistic.
Overemphasis on duties: By focusing largely on duties (Dharma), it might neglect the aspects of personal liberation and spirituality.
Complex interpretative techniques: The intricate methods used for text interpretation can be viewed as overly complicated, making the philosophy inaccessible for many.
Defenses provided by Mimâmsâ scholars
Ritualistic approach: Defenders argue that the emphasis on rituals is not about blind faith but understanding the inherent logic and structure of rituals and their societal significance.
Adherence to texts: Mimâmsâ’s reliance on texts is seen as a strength by many scholars, emphasizing continuity and tradition.
Deity not necessary for ethics: By not focusing on a deity, Mimâmsâ offers an ethical system based on societal duties rather than divine mandates.
Balance of duty and spirituality: Some scholars believe that by understanding and performing one’s duty, a form of spiritual liberation can be achieved.
Depth in interpretation: The detailed techniques underscore a depth of thought and rigorous scholarship, ensuring comprehensive understanding.
Comparative analysis of Mimâmsâ with Western epistemological theories
Empiricism: While Western empiricism relies on sensory experience for knowledge, Mimâmsâ emphasizes knowledge derived from authoritative texts.
Rationalism: Similar to rationalists like Descartes, Mimâmsâ holds that certain truths can be known without direct sensory experience but differs in its reliance on Vedic texts.
Pragmatism: Both Mimâmsâ and pragmatism value practical outcomes. However, while pragmatism focuses on beliefs that lead to practical benefits, Mimâmsâ centers on rituals producing desired outcomes.
Skepticism: Unlike Western skepticism, which doubts the possibility of certain knowledge, Mimâmsâ holds the Vedas as infallible and thus certain in their imparted knowledge.
Responses to criticisms from other Indian schools of thought
Advaita Vedanta’s critique: This school challenges Mimâmsâ’s neglect of a higher, impersonal reality (Brahman). In response, Mimâmsâ scholars argue for the importance of ritualistic practices in realizing ultimate truth.
Buddhist criticisms: Buddhists argue against the infallibility of the Vedas, stressing on experiential knowledge. Mimâmsâ counters by defending the timeless authority of the Vedas.
Nyaya school: Nyaya philosophers, with their emphasis on logic and debate, often found Mimâmsâ’s strict adherence to textual authority limiting. Mimâmsâ scholars rebutted by highlighting the comprehensive interpretative techniques which incorporate logic and reasoning.
Yoga school: The emphasis on meditation in the Yoga school contrasts with Mimâmsâ’s focus on ritual. In defense, Mimâmsâ asserts the transformative power of ritualistic practices, which can lead to mental clarity akin to meditation.
IX. Practicing Mimâmsâ: Beyond Theory
Practical aspects of Mimâmsâ in daily life
The Mimâmsâ school, although deeply rooted in textual interpretation, transcends into practical applications.
Dharma, as understood in Mimâmsâ, governs righteous living and is applied daily.
Ritualistic adherence is not just about physical action but a way to inculcate discipline.
The act of Yajna (sacrifice) is not always literal; it extends to personal sacrifices made for the larger good.
Using Mimâmsâ principles, individuals often introspect on their duties towards family, society, and the environment.
Swadhyaya, or self-study, is encouraged, where individuals spend time reading and understanding ancient scriptures.
Ritual practices and their significance
Rituals are central to Mimâmsâ and hold symbolic, spiritual, and societal values.
Agnihotra, a fire ritual, signifies purification and is practiced to maintain harmony with the universe.
Rituals like Sandhyavandanam, performed at dawn and dusk, represent the cyclical nature of time.
Upanayana, the sacred thread ceremony, marks the initiation of Vedic studies and the beginning of a disciplined life.
Srauta rituals involve elaborate sacrifices and are performed to maintain cosmic order.
These practices, though elaborate, teach adherence, dedication, and the significance of precise actions.
Mimâmsâ meditation and mindfulness practices
While Mimâmsâ primarily focuses on rituals, there are elements that touch upon meditation and mindfulness.
Dhyana (meditation) in Mimâmsâ is a deep contemplative process rooted in the understanding of Vedic texts.
The meditative practices in Mimâmsâ are distinct from those in Yoga or Advaita Vedanta.
Practitioners meditate upon Vedic mantras, seeking to unlock deeper meanings.
The repetitive chanting or Japa of these mantras induces a trance-like state, promoting mindfulness.
Manana, reflecting on the teachings, aids in internalizing the wisdom of the Vedas.
Role of Mimâmsâ in guiding moral and ethical actions
Mimâmsâ, at its core, is about understanding and performing one’s duty.
Dharma, the moral law, is used as a guiding principle in determining right from wrong.
Actions, according to Mimâmsâ, should align with the cosmic order, ensuring balance and harmony.
Karma, or the law of action, plays a pivotal role, emphasizing the importance of righteous deeds.
Ethical dilemmas are often resolved by referring to scriptural injunctions.
In societal interactions, Mimâmsâ principles encourage respect for tradition, elders, and fulfilling one’s responsibilities.
X. Conclusion: The Legacy and Future of Mimâmsâ
Synthesis of the core tenets of Mimâmsâ
Mimâmsâ primarily emphasizes the interpretation of Vedic texts, positioning them as a guiding source for human action.
At its core, Mimâmsâ represents the philosophical analysis of rituals, supporting a structured way to engage with life.
The principle of Dharma, or righteous living, is a dominant theme, directing individuals towards their roles and responsibilities.
The philosophy promotes ritualistic adherence to maintain balance and harmony with the universe.
Swadhyaya, or self-study, is underscored as a means of personal growth and understanding, further rooting individuals in their duties.
The enduring relevance of Mimâmsâ in the 21st century
Globalization has exposed diverse cultures to each other, leading to increased interest in Eastern philosophies, including Mimâmsâ.
The principles of righteous living, moral and ethical guidance offered by Mimâmsâ, resonate with those seeking clarity in today’s complex world.
Meditative and mindfulness practices rooted in Mimâmsâ provide solace to many, serving as an antidote to modern-day stressors.
Eco-conscious movements find parallels in Mimâmsâ’s emphasis on living harmoniously with the universe, enhancing its appeal in environmental circles.
Predictions and prospects for the future evolution of Mimâmsâ thought
With increasing global challenges like climate change, socio-political unrest, and technological disruptions, philosophies providing ethical guidelines will likely gain prominence.
Mimâmsâ’s rich tapestry of rituals might find new expressions, integrating with contemporary practices, leading to a modern renaissance of this ancient wisdom.
Academia might see a rise in the interdisciplinary study of Mimâmsâ, merging its teachings with psychology, sociology, and even technology.
As the quest for purpose and meaning intensifies, Mimâmsâ could evolve as a philosophy that speaks to both the individual and collective consciousness of societies worldwide.
Encouraging deeper study and engagement with Mimâmsâ principles
Educational institutions should introduce curricula focused on Indian philosophies, with Mimâmsâ serving as a cornerstone.
Workshops and seminars on Mimâmsâ teachings could be organized, targeting both scholars and the general populace.
Online platforms dedicated to Mimâmsâ can offer courses, discussions, and resources, making the philosophy accessible to a global audience.
Prominent thought leaders and influencers could play a pivotal role in popularizing and demystifying Mimâmsâ for modern seekers.
Discuss the foundational principles of Mimâmsâ philosophy, emphasizing its significance in interpreting Vedic texts. How does it contribute to the understanding of rituals and Dharma in society? (250 words)
Analyze the practical aspects of Mimâmsâ in daily life, detailing its relevance in ritual practices, meditation, and mindfulness. How does Mimâmsâ guide moral and ethical actions of individuals? (250 words)
Evaluate the role of Mimâmsâ in guiding the holistic development of individuals and society. How do its principles, like Swadhyaya and Dharma, influence personal growth, righteous living, and harmonious coexistence? (250 words)
Responses