India has a long and troubled border with China and Pakistan fraught with contentious issues. Examine the conflicting issues and security challenges along the border. Also give out the development being undertaken in these areas under the Border Area Development Programme (BADP) and Border Infrastructure Management (BIM) Scheme. (250 words)

India’s borders with China (3,488 km) and Pakistan (3,323 km) are historically contentious, marked by disputes like Aksai Chin, Siachen, and the Line of Control…

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