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E Prime Layer

Santhosh Kumar 22/11/2023

E Prime Layer mind map
Context
Study by international team
Researchers included
Arizona State University
Source
Astrobiology
E-Prime Layer
Distinct layer
Outermost part of Earth's core
Formation
Surface water penetration
Over billions of years
Characteristics
Hydrogen-rich
Silicon-depleted
Reaction with core's silicon
Core-mantle boundary
Previous belief
Minimal material exchange
Core and mantle
New findings
Tectonic plates transport
Surface water
To core-mantle boundary
Depth of around 1,800 miles
Chemical reaction
Forms silica
Creates E-Prime Layer
Significance
Understanding of
Earth's processes
Magnetic field
Heat generation
Plate tectonics
Earth's layers & Discontinuties
Crust
Mohorovičić Discontinuity (Moho)
Mantle
Upper
Repetti Discontinuity
Transition
Lehmann Discontinuity
Lower
Gutenberg Discontinuity
Outer Core
Lehmann Discontinuity
Core-mantle boundary
Inner Core
Bullen Discontinuity
Inner core boundary

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Cloud seeding mind map Context Delhi is considering cloud seeding as a potential solution to tackle its persistent air pollution crisis What is cloud seeding artificially generating rain by introducing substances like silver iodide, Dry Ice into clouds How it works employs planes or ground-based generators to spray clouds with chemicals promoting the condensation of smaller particles into larger rain droplets Methods Static cloud seeding introduces ice nuclei like silver iodide or dry ice into cold clouds with supercooled liquid water droplets triggering the formation of ice crystals or snowflakes that fall as precipitation Dynamic cloud seeding induces rain by boosting vertical air currents a more complex process dependent on a sequence of events Hygroscopic cloud seeding sprays fine particles of hygroscopic materials like salts into warm clouds to act as cloud condensation nuclei enhancing cloud reflectivity and stability Applications enhances winter snowfall and mountain snowpack supplements the natural water supply for surrounding communities prevents hailstorms displaces fog induces rainfall in drought-prone regions reduces air pollution controls forest fires Examples of its use United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been using cloud seeding to increase rainfall in its arid region China has been using measures like those during the Beijing Olympics in 2008 India cloud seeding was used in Solapur in Maharashtra Project Varshadhari in Karnataka in 2017 to mitigate drought about 18% of rainfall Challenges requires moisture-filled clouds which may not always be available or predictable potential negative environmental and health effects such as altering the water cycle soil and water contamination silver iodide or potassium iodide carry the risk of bioaccumulation and potential toxicity Way forward to promote cloud seeding achieve scientific consensus establish robust regulatory measures for accountability address concerns proactively

14/11/2023 / Geography

Categories: Geography

Tags: 22.11.2023, Newsbits

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