Gaza-Israel Crisis: History, Challenges, India’s Stand

I. Introduction

The recent Gaza crisis, which erupted in October 2023, was triggered by an unprecedented assault by Hamas militants into Israel, resulting in significant civilian casualties and abductions. In response, Israel launched a major offensive in Gaza, leading to extensive destruction, displacement of Palestinians, and a severe humanitarian crisis. The crisis has drawn international attention, with various nations and organizations attempting to broker peace, but the future of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains uncertain with numerous potential obstacles to a lasting resolution.

II. The roots of the conflict: Zionism, British Mandate, and the Balfour Declaration

Zionism

• Zionism is a Jewish nationalist movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the goal of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. This was largely in response to the pogroms and other persecutions Jews faced in Eastern Europe.
• The Zionist movement gained significant momentum and support from the British government with the Balfour Declaration in 1917.

British Mandate

• The British Mandate for Palestine was a League of Nations mandate for British administration of the territories of Palestine and Transjordan, which had been conceded by the Ottoman Empire following the end of World War I in 1918.
• The mandate was assigned to Britain by the San Remo conference in April 1920.
• The British controlled Palestine for almost three decades, overseeing a succession of protests, riots, and revolts between the Jewish and Palestinian Arab communities.
• The British Mandate ended on 15 May 1948, and on the last day of the Mandate, the Jewish community issued the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

Balfour Declaration

• The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during the First World War, announcing its support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.
• The declaration was contained in a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United Kingdom’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland.
• The Balfour Declaration was subsequently incorporated into the Mandate for Palestine to put the declaration into effect. Unlike the declaration itself, the Mandate was legally binding on the British government.
• The British government, including Churchill, made it clear that the Declaration did not intend for the whole of Palestine to be converted into a Jewish National Home, “but that such a Home should be founded in Palestine.”

These three factors played a significant role in shaping the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The rise of Zionism led to increased Jewish immigration to Palestine, which was met with resistance by the Arab population. The British Mandate and the Balfour Declaration further complicated the situation by promising a Jewish homeland in Palestine, leading to increased tensions between the Jewish and Arab communities. The end of the British Mandate and the subsequent declaration of Israeli independence marked the beginning of the conflict as we know it today.

III. The creation of Israel and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Al Nakba and the Palestinian refugee crisis

The Creation of Israel and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War

• On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared the establishment of the State of Israel, leading to the first Arab-Israeli War.
• The war began with five Arab nations (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria) invading the territory of the former British Mandate for Palestine.
• The conflict resulted in Israel’s victory and the displacement of approximately 750,000 Palestinians, who became refugees.
• The territory was divided into three parts: Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip.

Al Nakba and the Palestinian Refugee Crisis

• Al Nakba, or “catastrophe” in Arabic, refers to the mass displacement and dispossession of Palestinians during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
• The war led to the creation of more than 700,000 Palestinian refugees, who fled or were expelled from their homes.
• The Palestinian refugee crisis remains unresolved, with millions of Palestinians still living in refugee camps and facing significant challenges in accessing basic needs and services.
• The right of return for Palestinian refugees is a core issue in peace negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians.

IV. The Six-Day War and the occupation of Gaza and the West Bank

The Six-Day War

The Six-Day War, also known as the 1967 War, was a significant event that fundamentally reshaped the landscape of the Middle East. In a span of six days, Israel defeated three Arab armies, gaining territory four times its original size and becoming the preeminent military power in the region. This war transformed Israel from a nation that perceived itself as fighting for survival into an occupier and regional powerhouse.

• The war began on June 5, 1967, and ended on June 10, 1967.
• Israel defeated the armies of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria.
• The war marked a milestone in the Israeli nuclear program, as it was during this crisis that Israel crossed the nuclear threshold.

Occupation of Gaza

Following the Six-Day War, Israel occupied the Gaza Strip. However, the status of this occupation has been a subject of debate.

• Israel withdrew its military and civilians from Gaza in 2005.
• Despite the withdrawal, many argue that Israel still exercises effective control over Gaza, thus maintaining the occupation.
• The status of Israel’s occupation is legally significant as it determines the legal obligations Israel owes to Gaza.

Occupation of the West Bank

The West Bank has been under military occupation by Israel since June 7, 1967, when Israeli forces captured the territory, then ruled by Jordan, during the Six-Day War.

• The status of the West Bank as a militarily occupied territory has been affirmed by the International Court of Justice and, with the exception of East Jerusalem, by the Israeli Supreme Court.
• The Israeli administration of Palestinian territories became in time “the longest – and, accordingly, the most entrenched and institutionalized – belligerent occupation in modern history.”
• From 1967 to 1983, Israel expropriated over 52% of the West Bank, most of its prime agricultural land.
• As of 2017, excluding East Jerusalem, 382,916 Israelis have settled in the West Bank.

V. The rise of Palestinian nationalism and the PLO

The Rise of Palestinian Nationalism

• Palestinian nationalism emerged in the late 19th century as a response to the rise of Zionism and the influx of Jewish immigrants to Palestine.
• The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was established in 1964 as a Palestinian nationalist umbrella organization, aiming to represent the Palestinian people and their aspirations for self-determination and sovereignty.
• The PLO initially sought to establish an Arab state over the entire territory of the former British Mandate for Palestine, advocating the elimination of the State of Israel.
• In 1969, Yasser Arafat, leader of the Fatah faction, became the chairman of the PLO’s executive committee, making Fatah the dominant party within the PLO.
• The PLO gained international recognition in the 1970s, and its armed struggle against Israel continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
• In 1993, the PLO recognized Israeli sovereignty with the Oslo I Accord and shifted its focus to achieving Arab statehood in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

The PLO

• The PLO is an umbrella organization that includes various Palestinian factions, such as Fatah, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP).
• The PLO’s main goals include the establishment of an independent Palestinian state, the right of return for Palestinian refugees, and the end of Israeli occupation in Palestinian territories.
• The organization has faced internal divisions and challenges, particularly with the rise of Hamas, a Palestinian Islamist group that has gained control of the Gaza Strip and opposes the PLO’s more secular approach.

VI. The First Intifada and the Oslo Accords: Hopes for peace and the establishment of the Palestinian Authority

The First Intifada

The First Intifada, or uprising, was a sustained series of Palestinian protests and violent incidents against Israeli rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that began in December 1987 and ended in September 1993 with the signing of the Oslo Accords.

• The First Intifada began in December 1987 in the Jabalia refugee camp in the Gaza Strip.
• The uprising was characterized by civil disobedience, general strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, graffiti, and barricades, but also included violent attacks with stones, Molotov cocktails, and firearms against Israeli military forces and civilians.
• The Intifada involved more than a million people, over half the Palestinian population in the occupied territories.
• The Israeli military response to the Intifada was criticized internationally for its harshness, including the use of live ammunition against protesters.
• The First Intifada ended with the signing of the Oslo Accords in September 1993.

The Oslo Accords

The Oslo Accords were a set of agreements between the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) that marked a significant step towards resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

• The Oslo Accords were signed in Washington, D.C., on 13 September 1993, after secret negotiations in Oslo, Norway.
• The Accords established the Palestinian Authority (PA) as an interim self-government body to administer parts of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
• The Accords also recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people and established mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO.
• The Oslo Accords were intended to be a step towards a final status agreement, which was to be reached within five years.
• However, the Oslo process was heavily criticized by some Palestinians and Israelis who felt that the agreements did not adequately address key issues such as Israeli settlements, the status of Jerusalem, and the right of return for Palestinian refugees.

The Establishment of the Palestinian Authority

The Palestinian Authority (PA) was established as a result of the Oslo Accords as an interim self-government body to administer parts of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

• The PA was established in 1994 and was given responsibility for the administration of the territory under its control.
• The PA has executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and has jurisdiction in both civil and security matters.
• The PA’s political status and level of control over various territories have varied over time and remain a subject of ongoing negotiations and disputes.
• The PA’s current president (as of 2023) is Mahmoud Abbas, who succeeded Yasser Arafat after his death in 2004.

VII. The Second Intifada and the collapse of the peace process

The Second Intifada

The Second Intifada, also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a period of intensified Israeli-Palestinian violence, which began in late September 2000 and ended around 2005.

• The Second Intifada began in September 2000, following a visit by the then Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, or Haram al-Sharif, a site considered sacred by both Jews and Muslims. This visit was seen as a provocative act by Palestinians and led to violent protests.
• The violence during the Second Intifada was more deadly than the First Intifada, with a significant increase in suicide bombings carried out by Palestinian militant groups and a strong military response from Israel.
• The Second Intifada resulted in a high number of casualties on both sides. According to B’Tselem, an Israeli human rights group, 3,408 Palestinians and 1,018 Israelis were killed between September 2000 and February 2005.
• The Second Intifada also had a significant impact on the Israeli economy, leading to a recession, while the Palestinian economy was severely affected by restrictions and closures.

The Collapse of the Peace Process

The Second Intifada marked a significant setback in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.

• The violence of the Second Intifada led to a breakdown in trust between Israelis and Palestinians, making negotiations more difficult.
• The Camp David Summit in July 2000, which aimed to reach a “final status” agreement, ended without an agreement. The failure of the summit was followed by the outbreak of the Second Intifada.
• The peace process was further undermined by the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, which was seen by Palestinians as a land grab.
• The Roadmap for Peace proposed by the United States, European Union, United Nations, and Russia in 2003, which aimed to end the violence and resume negotiations, was not fully implemented.

VIII. The rise of Hamas and the Gaza Strip under siege

The Rise of Hamas

Hamas, an acronym for “Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyyah” or “Islamic Resistance Movement,” is a Palestinian political and military organization that emerged during the First Intifada in 1987.

• Hamas was founded by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, a Palestinian cleric who became an influential spiritual leader.
• The organization was initially supported by Israel as a counterweight to the secular nationalists of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
• Unlike the PLO, Hamas’s charter calls for the complete liberation of Palestine and the establishment of an Islamic state.
• Hamas gained significant popularity among Palestinians for its social welfare programs, particularly in the Gaza Strip.
• The organization’s military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, has carried out numerous attacks against Israeli military and civilian targets.
• In 2006, Hamas won a surprise victory in the Palestinian legislative elections, leading to a political split with the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority.
• In 2007, after a brief but violent conflict with Fatah, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip.

The Gaza Strip Under Siege

Since Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip, the area has been under a blockade by Israel and Egypt.

• The blockade restricts the movement of people and goods in and out of the Gaza Strip.
• Israel maintains the blockade is necessary to prevent Hamas from obtaining weapons or materials that could be used for military purposes.
• Critics argue the blockade amounts to collective punishment of the Gaza Strip’s two million inhabitants, exacerbating poverty and unemployment, and limiting access to basic services such as electricity and clean water.
• The blockade has also led to a series of military conflicts between Israel and Hamas, including the 2008-2009, 2012, and 2014 Gaza Wars.
• Despite numerous attempts at reconciliation, the political split between Hamas in Gaza and the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority in the West Bank remains a significant obstacle to peace.

IX. The 2008-2009, 2012, and 2014 Gaza Wars: Operation Cast Lead, Operation Pillar of Defense, and Operation Protective Edge

The 2008-2009 Gaza War: Operation Cast Lead

Operation Cast Lead was a three-week armed conflict between Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and Israel that began on December 27, 2008, and ended on January 18, 2009.

• The conflict began when Israel launched a large-scale military operation in the Gaza Strip with the stated aim of stopping rocket fire into Israel by Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups.
• The operation involved an initial week-long aerial bombardment, followed by a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip.
• According to the Israeli Defense Forces, the operation resulted in the death of between 1,166 and 1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis.
• The operation was criticized by the United Nations and other international bodies for the high number of civilian casualties and the destruction of civilian infrastructure.

The 2012 Gaza War: Operation Pillar of Defense

Operation Pillar of Defense was an eight-day Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operation in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, which began on 14 November 2012 with the killing of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas.

• The operation was launched with the stated aim of stopping rocket attacks on Israel, which had increased after an Israeli incursion into Gazan territory.
• The operation involved airstrikes and artillery fire, with the IDF targeting more than 1,500 sites in the Gaza Strip.
• According to the United Nations, 174 Palestinians and six Israelis were killed during the operation.
• A ceasefire was reached on November 21, 2012, ending the operation.

The 2014 Gaza War: Operation Protective Edge

Operation Protective Edge was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Hamas-ruled Gaza Strip.

• The operation was launched with the stated aim of stopping rocket fire from Gaza into Israel, which had escalated after the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers by Hamas members.
• The operation involved a ground invasion and airstrikes, with the IDF targeting Hamas’s infrastructure, including tunnels used to infiltrate Israel.
• According to the United Nations, 2,251 Palestinians and 73 Israelis were killed during the operation.
• The operation ended on August 26, 2014, with an indefinite ceasefire.

X. The Great March of Return and the 2018 Gaza border protests

The Great March of Return

The Great March of Return was a series of protests that started on March 30, 2018, along the Gaza-Israel border. The main goals of these protests were:

• To demand that Palestinian refugees and their descendants be allowed to return to the land they were displaced from in what is now Israel.
• To protest the conditions in the Gaza Strip, including the Israeli-Egyptian blockade.

The protests were initially planned to last for six weeks, but they continued for over a year. The demonstrations were largely organized by Hamas, the group that governs the Gaza Strip, but also involved other Palestinian factions.

The 2018 Gaza Border Protests

The 2018 Gaza border protests were part of the Great March of Return. These protests involved tens of thousands of Palestinians who gathered along the Gaza-Israel border. The protests were marked by:

• Mass demonstrations along the border fence.
• Attempts by some protesters to breach the border fence.
• The use of burning tires, incendiary kites, and balloons by protesters.
• The use of live ammunition, tear gas, and airstrikes by the Israeli forces.

The protests resulted in a high number of casualties. According to the United Nations, over 200 Palestinians were killed and thousands more were injured during the protests. The Israeli forces suffered one fatality and several injuries.

The Great March of Return and the 2018 Gaza border protests highlighted the ongoing tensions and the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip. They also brought international attention to the plight of Palestinian refugees and their demand for the right of return.

XI. The 2021 Israel-Gaza conflict: Escalation in Jerusalem and the 11-day war

The 2021 Israel-Gaza Conflict: Escalation in Jerusalem

The 2021 Israel-Gaza conflict began in May 2021, following a series of events that escalated tensions between Israelis and Palestinians. Key points include:

• The conflict was triggered by disputes over planned evictions of Palestinian families in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood of East Jerusalem.
• Tensions were further escalated by Israeli police actions at the Al-Aqsa Mosque during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, which were seen as provocative by Palestinians.
• The situation in Jerusalem led to a significant escalation in violence, with Hamas and other militant groups in Gaza launching rocket attacks on Israel, and Israel responding with airstrikes on Gaza.

The 11-Day War

The conflict, often referred to as the 11-Day War, was marked by intense violence and a high number of casualties. Key points include:

• The conflict lasted from May 10 to May 21, 2021.
• During the conflict, Hamas and other militant groups in Gaza fired thousands of rockets into Israel, while Israel conducted extensive airstrikes on targets in Gaza.
• According to the United Nations, at least 243 Palestinians, including 66 children, were killed in Gaza, and 12 people in Israel, including two children, were killed.
• The conflict ended with a ceasefire on May 21, 2021, brokered by Egypt.

The 2021 Israel-Gaza conflict highlighted the ongoing tensions and the fragile nature of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It also brought international attention to the situation in Jerusalem and the broader issues of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

XII. The 2023 Gaza Crisis: Hamas’s unprecedented assault and Israel’s response

The Trigger

• The 2023 Gaza Crisis was sparked by an incursion into Israel by Hamas militants on October 7, 2023. This unexpected assault resulted in the death of approximately 1,400 people, mainly civilians, and the abduction of over 200 individuals.

Israel’s Response

• In response to the attack, Israel launched a major ground offensive in Gaza, which included tightening the siege on Gaza and cutting off humanitarian supplies from Israel to Gaza.
• Israel also called on Palestinian civilians to evacuate the northern part of Gaza, which led to the displacement of over 1.4 million Palestinians.
• The Israeli forces inflicted extensive destruction on the Gaza Strip through air strikes and ground operations.
• The Israeli government also cut off electricity and water to Gaza, and blocked the entry of fuel, food, and all but a trickle of humanitarian aid, including medicines.

The 2023 Gaza Crisis also had broader implications for the Middle East region. Iran’s President Ebrahim Raisi stated that Israel had “crossed the red lines” in Gaza, which “may force everyone to take action,” while US national security adviser Jake Sullivan warned of an “elevated risk” of a spillover conflict in the Middle East.

XIII. The humanitarian crisis in Gaza: Impact on civilians, infrastructure, and access to basic needs

Impact on Civilians

• The ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas has led to a devastating humanitarian crisis in Gaza, with thousands of people killed and injured, and over 1.4 million Palestinians displaced.
• Civilians, including children, have been disproportionately affected by the violence, with many suffering from physical injuries and psychological trauma.
• The blockade of Gaza has resulted in severe shortages of food, water, electricity, and medical supplies, exacerbating the already dire living conditions for the population.

Infrastructure Damage

• The conflict has caused extensive damage to Gaza’s infrastructure, including residential buildings, schools, hospitals, and mosques.
• The destruction of infrastructure has further limited access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation.
• Gaza’s power plant has shut down due to fuel shortages, affecting essential medical and water/sanitation services.

Access to Basic Needs

• The blockade of Gaza has led to a lack of access to clean water, with 78% of piped water being unfit for human consumption.
• Food insecurity is a significant issue, with 1.3 million out of 2.1 million Palestinians in Gaza (62%) requiring food assistance.
• The blockade has also resulted in limited access to medical supplies and equipment, with hospitals struggling to provide adequate care for the injured and sick.
• The ongoing conflict has made it difficult for humanitarian aid to reach those in need, with calls for the establishment of a humanitarian corridor to allow for the safe delivery of aid and the evacuation of civilians.

XIV. International response and efforts to broker peace on Gaza Crisis

International Response

• The United States expressed strong support for Israel and announced the shipment of arms and the movement of its Mediterranean Sea warships closer to Israel.
• Former U.S. President Barack Obama warned that some of Israel’s actions in Gaza could “harden Palestinian attitudes for generations” and weaken international support for Israel.
• The United Nations Security Council called an emergency meeting to discuss the renewed violence but failed to reach a consensus statement.
• Germany’s Foreign Ministry issued a warning, urgently advising its citizens against traveling to Israel, the Palestinian territories, and Lebanon.
• Pope Francis called for an end to the violence and urged the international community to help broker peace.

Efforts to Broker Peace

• The United States discussed a possible humanitarian corridor from the Gaza Strip with Egypt.
• The United Nations has been actively engaging with key actors and working behind the scenes to address the ongoing Gaza-Israel conflict.
• UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Tor Wennesland, has been in close contact with members of the Middle East Quartet (European Union, Russia, United States, and the UN) to drive forward the peace process.
• The UN Secretary-General visited Egypt to meet with President Abdel Fattah Al Sisi, as part of the UN’s efforts to address the crisis.

XV. India’s Stand on Gaza Crisis

Historical Context

• India has had a complex relationship with both Israel and Palestine, with its stance evolving significantly since its independence.
• India had supported Palestine’s right to statehood since 1947, when it gained independence from the United Kingdom. At the time, the United Nations had proposed a “partition plan” to create separate Israeli and Palestinian states, something India objected to.
• In 1974, India became the first non-Arab country to recognise the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the “sole and legitimate representative” of the Palestinian people, continuing its pattern of support.
• While New Delhi formally recognised Israel in 1950, it only normalised diplomatic relations in the early 1990s. Even then, it remained committed to the Palestinian cause and continued nurturing its relations with the Muslim-majority nations in the Middle East.

Shift in India’s Stand

• In recent years, India’s political sphere has transformed from “an exclusive pro-Palestine ecosystem to the complete opposite and to one that is completely empathetic with [the] Israeli position”.
• This shift has been driven by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) seeking warmer relations with Israel, particularly in the context of dealing with terrorism.
• The attacks in India’s financial capital Mumbai on November 26, 2008, helped spur this shift. More than 160 people were killed and over 300 injured. A Jewish centre, the Nariman House, was among the targets: An Israeli American rabbi and his wife were among the six gunned down there. India blamed the attacks on a Pakistan-based armed group.

India’s Response to the Gaza Crisis

• In the wake of the Hamas attack on October 7, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi issued strong declarations in support of Israel. He initially tweeted, “Our thoughts and prayers are with the innocent victims and their families. We stand in solidarity with Israel.”
• However, neither statement made any reference to the lives or plight of Palestinians. Only five days later did his government address the question of Palestinian relations: In response to a question during a routine media briefing, a spokesperson for the foreign minister said India’s stance on Palestine had not changed.
• India’s Deputy Permanent Representative (DPR) to the United Nations Ambassador R Ravindra reiterated New Delhi’s efforts to send humanitarian assistance to civilians in the Gaza Strip amid the ongoing war between Israel and Hamas, saying that they have sent 38 tons of food and critical medical equipment.

India’s Position at the UN

• After India abstained from voting on a UN General Assembly on the Israel-Palestine conflict, sources said that New Delhi’s action was done in the “absence of all elements” of their approach not being covered in the final text.
• The resolution called for the “protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations” on the ongoing Gaza crisis and highlighted unhindered humanitarian access for Palestinians and in the war-torn territory.
• India’s Explanation of Vote (EOV) comprehensively reiterates its steadfast and consistent position on the Israel-Palestinian issue. “There can be no … equivocation on terror. The EOV categorically states the terror attacks in Israel on 7th October were shocking and deserve condemnation. Our thoughts are also with those taken hostages. We call for their immediate and unconditional release,” they said.
• Sources further underscored that India has always supported a negotiated two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine matter that leads to the establishment of a sovereign, independent and viable State of Palestine, which will lie side-by-side in peace with Israel. “For this, we urge the parties to de-escalate, eschew violence and work towards creating conditions for an early resumption of direct peace negotiations,” sources further said.

XVI. The future of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Prospects for peace and potential obstacles

Prospects for Peace

• The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been a long-standing issue, with numerous attempts at peace negotiations over the years. The future of this conflict is uncertain, but there are some potential avenues for peace.
• One potential avenue for peace is through direct negotiations between the Israeli government and the Palestinian Authority. This would require both sides to make significant concessions and to recognize each other’s right to exist.
• Another potential avenue for peace is through international mediation. This could involve the United Nations, the United States, or other international actors playing a role in facilitating negotiations between the two sides.
• There is also the possibility of a two-state solution, where Israel and Palestine would exist as separate, sovereign states. This has been the goal of many previous peace negotiations, but it has been difficult to achieve due to disagreements over borders, the status of Jerusalem, and the rights of Palestinian refugees.

Potential Obstacles

• There are numerous potential obstacles to peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. One of the main obstacles is the ongoing political division between the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and Hamas in Gaza. This division makes it difficult to negotiate a unified Palestinian position.
• Another obstacle is the continued expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank. These settlements are considered illegal under international law and their expansion makes it more difficult to establish a contiguous Palestinian state.
• The status of Jerusalem is another major obstacle. Both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital, and disagreements over its status have been a major sticking point in previous peace negotiations.
• Finally, there is the issue of Palestinian refugees. There are millions of Palestinian refugees who were displaced during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war and their descendants. The question of their right to return to their homes in what is now Israel is a contentious issue that would need to be addressed in any peace agreement.

The Gaza crisis, a long-standing conflict between Israel and Palestine, remains unresolved. Despite international efforts, a peaceful resolution seems distant. India, traditionally a supporter of the Palestinian cause, has been maintaining a delicate balance between its historical support for Palestine and its growing relationship with Israel. While India continues to advocate for a two-state solution, its recent condemnation of Hamas attacks and expressions of solidarity with Israel indicate a nuanced shift in its stance. However, India’s commitment to peace talks and a sovereign Palestinian state remains unchanged.