Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases? (150 words)
Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals are alternate dispute resolution mechanisms in India aimed at reducing the burden on regular courts. They differ in their composition, nature, and types of cases handled.
Distinction between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals:
| Criteria | Lok Adalats | Arbitration Tribunals |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | A statutory forum for resolving disputes amicably under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. | A private, quasi-judicial body formed by parties as per the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. |
| Nature | Informal and conciliatory process | Formal and adjudicatory process |
| Composition | Comprises judicial officers, social workers, and advocates appointed by State Legal Services Authority. | Comprises arbitrators chosen by parties; often industry experts or retired judges. |
| Jurisdiction | Handles disputes like family matters, civil cases, and minor criminal cases (compoundable offenses). | Deals with contractual, commercial, and civil disputes only. |
| Binding Nature | Awards are binding but not enforceable as decrees of courts; no appeal allowed. | Awards are binding and enforceable as court decrees under the Arbitration Act. |
| Cost | No fees charged; cost-effective. | Fees are charged to parties; can be expensive. |
| Legal Representation | Legal representation not mandatory | Legal representation is common and often necessary. |
Civil and Criminal Cases Handling:
- Lok Adalats: Entertain both civil cases and certain minor criminal cases (compoundable offenses).
- Arbitration Tribunals: Handle only civil disputes; criminal cases are outside their jurisdiction.
Conclusion:
Lok Adalats offer a free, accessible means for dispute resolution, while Arbitration Tribunals are more formal and costly, suited for complex civil matters.
