What are the major challenges faced by the Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management. (250 words)
The Indian irrigation system, crucial for agriculture (supporting 54.6% of the workforce as per 2019-20 data), faces challenges like climate change, outdated infrastructure, and inefficient water practices, affecting agricultural productivity and sustainability.
Major Challenges Faced by the Indian Irrigation System
- Depleting Groundwater Levels: Excessive extraction has depleted groundwater, which supports 60% of irrigation. States like Punjab face severe scarcity (CGWB 2022).
- Inefficient Irrigation Techniques: Traditional methods like flood irrigation lead to overuse, wasting around 65% of irrigation water (NITI Aayog, 2020).
- Aging Infrastructure: Over 50-year-old canal systems cause frequent leakages, with 40% water lost before reaching fields (Ministry of Water Resources, 2021).
- Waterlogging and Salinity: Poor drainage causes waterlogging and soil salinity, affecting yields in states like Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
- Climate Change Impact: Erratic rainfall and droughts strain water availability in reservoirs.
- Inter-State Water Disputes: Conflicts, like the Cauvery dispute, hinder efficient water distribution.
Measures Taken by the Government for Efficient Irrigation Management
- Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Promoting micro-irrigation, it covered over 11.5 million hectares by 2023.
- Per Drop More Crop: Part of PMKSY, it reduces water wastage through micro-irrigation.
- Command Area Development and Water Management (CADWM): Improved irrigation in 12 million hectares since 2021.
- Atal Bhujal Yojana: Launched in 2019, focuses on groundwater management with a budget of ₹6,000 crores.
- Interlinking of Rivers: Projects like Ken-Betwa aim to distribute water to drought-prone areas.
Conclusion: Addressing irrigation challenges requires integrating technology, infrastructure upgrades, and sustainable water practices to ensure agricultural resilience and water security.
