With reference to Indian history, who of the following were known as “Kulah-Daran”?

(a) Arab merchants

(b) Qalandars

(d) Sayyids

Explanation

The correct answer is: (d) Sayyids

The key points are:

The religious class of Islam was composed of important groups like theologians, ascetics, sayyids, Pirs, etc.
The most important were the theologians known as ‘Dastar-bandan’ or turban wearers.
The sayyids put on a pointed cap (kulah) and were known as ‘Kulah Daran’ during the Delhi Sultanate.
The Sayyids claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima.
They commanded special respect in Muslim society. Even Timur protected the life of Sayyids during his invasion of India.
The other options like Arab merchants, Qalandars, and Persian calligraphists were not known as ‘Kulah Daran’.

The religious classes in medieval India included:
- Theologians (ulema) also known as Dastar-bandan
- Ascetics like sufis, faqirs etc
- Sayyids who claimed foreign origin and descent from the Prophet
- Pirs and their descendants who were local holy men
The Sayyids were influential and commanded respect due to their lineage.
They were appointed to high offices and exempted from punishments like other Muslims.
The term ‘Kulah Daran’ comes from the conical cap or kulah worn by them as a mark of distinction.

So in summary, the Sayyids who wore the kulah or conical cap were known as ‘Kulah Daran’ in medieval Indian history