Back to Course
Geography (Optional) Notes, Mindmaps & Related Current Affairs
0% Complete
0/0 Steps
-
INSTRUCTIONS & SAMPLES
How to use, Sources & Abbreviations -
[Paper 1] Continental drift & plate tectonics
-
[Paper 2] Physiographic regions of India
-
PAPER I - PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHYGeomorphology14 Submodules
-
Basic concepts in geomorphology
-
Factors controlling landform development
-
Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces
-
Origin and evolution of earth’s crust
-
Fundamental of geomagnetism
-
Physical conditions of earth’s interior
-
Geosyncline and isostasy
-
Continental drift and plate tectonics
-
Mountain building: Types & Theories
-
Vulcanicity, Earthquake and Tsunami
-
Concept of geomorphic cycles and landscape development
-
Denudation chronology, Erosional surfaces, Peneplains
-
Channel morphology and Slope development
-
Applied geomorphology
-
Basic concepts in geomorphology
-
Climatology17 Submodules
-
Climatology and Climate
-
Temperature and pressure patterns of the world
-
Heat budget of earth
-
Atmospheric Circulation, Planetary and local winds
-
Atmospheric Stability and instability
-
Monsoon: Origin, Causes, Factors, Mechanism
-
Jet Streams
-
Air masses and frontogenesis
-
Temperate Cyclone
-
Tropical Cyclone
-
Precipitation - Types & Forms
-
Weather and Climate
-
Koppen Classification
-
Thornthwaite and Trewartha classification
-
Hydrological Cycle
-
Climate Change
-
Applied climatology and Urban Heat Island
-
Climatology and Climate
-
Oceanography14 Submodules
-
Bathymetric method
-
Temperature and Salinity Patterns
-
Heat and Salt Budgets
-
Ocean deposits
-
Waves, Tides and Currents
-
Indian Ocean Currents and El-Nino-La-Nina
-
Ocean Currents of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
-
Marine Resources, Biotic Mineral,Energy and Marine Pollution
-
Coral reefs
-
Coral Bleaching
-
Ocean bottom topography
-
Bottom topography of Indian, Pacific, Atlantic Ocean
-
Sea level changes
-
Law of the Sea
-
Bathymetric method
-
Biogeography11 Submodules
-
Genesis of soil
-
Classification and distribution of soils
-
Soil profile and soil forming process
-
Soil Degradation: Causes, Effects, and Solutions
-
Soil Conservation: Techniques, Methods, and Importance
-
Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals
-
Deforestation and Its Problems: Causes, Effects, and Solutions
-
Social Forestry: Concept, Benefits, and Types
-
Agroforestry: Concept, Types, Benefits, and National Agroforestry Policy
-
Wildlife and Wildlife Management: Concepts, Practices, and Laws
-
Major Gene Pool Centres: Origin, Findings, and Limitations
-
Genesis of soil
-
Environmental Geography10 Submodules
-
Principles of Ecology: Concepts, Importance, and Evolutionary Processes
-
Human Ecological Adaptation: Mechanisms, Evolution, and Cultural Adaptations
-
Influence of Man on Ecology and Environment
-
Global and Regional Ecological changes and Imbalances
-
Ecosystem Management and Conservation
-
Environmental degradation, management and conservation
-
Biodiversity and sustainable development
-
Environment Policy
-
Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measure
-
Environmental Education & Legislation
-
Principles of Ecology: Concepts, Importance, and Evolutionary Processes
-
Perspectives in Human Geography7 Submodules
-
Areal differentiation, regional synthesis, Dichotomy and dualism
-
Social Justice and Environmentalism
-
Quantitative Revolution and Locational Analysis
-
Humanistic Geography & Systems Analysis
-
Languages, Religion and Secularization
-
Cultural regions of the World
-
Human Development Index & Time Space Geography
-
Areal differentiation, regional synthesis, Dichotomy and dualism
-
Economic Geography10 Submodules
-
Limits to growth
-
World Economic Development – Problems and Measures
-
World Resources and their Distribution
-
Energy Crisis
-
World Agriculture – A typology of Agricultural regions
-
Famine – Causes, Effects and Remedies
-
Food Security
-
Food and Nutritional Security Problem
-
Pattern of world trade
-
World Industries Location patterns and problems
-
Limits to growth
-
Population and Settlement Geography5 Submodules
-
Regional Planning9 Submodules
-
Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography7 Submodules
-
PAPER II - GEOGRAPHY OF INDIAPhysical Setting10 Submodules
-
Space relationship of India with neighboring countries
-
Structure and relief
-
Drainage system and watersheds
-
Physiographic regions
-
Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns
-
Tropical cyclones and western disturbances
-
Floods and droughts
-
Climatic regions
-
Natural Vegetation of India
-
Soil Types and Their Distribution in India
-
Space relationship of India with neighboring countries
-
Resources7 Submodules
-
Agriculture17 Submodules
-
Agriculture in India
-
Infrastructural Factors in Indian Agriculture: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power
-
Institutional factors: landholdings, land tenure, and land reforms
-
Cropping pattern
-
Agricultural productivity
-
Agricultural intensity
-
Land Capability in India
-
Crop Combination in India
-
Agro and social-forestry
-
Land resources of India and their utilization
-
Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications
-
Significance of dryland farming in India
-
Livestock resources and white revolution
-
Aquaculture, sericulture, apiculture, and poultry
-
Agricultural regionalization
-
Agro-Climatic Zones of India
-
Agro-Ecological Regions of India
-
Agriculture in India
-
Industry20 Submodules
-
Evolution of industries
-
Factors Affecting the Location of Industries
-
Locational factors of cotton industry
-
Locational Factors of Jute Industry
-
Locational Factors of the Textile Industry
-
Locational Factors of Iron and Steel Industry
-
Locational Factors of Aluminium Industry
-
Locational Factors of Fertilizer Industry
-
Locational Factors of Paper Industry
-
Locational Factors of Chemical Industry
-
Locational Factors of Pharmaceutical Industries
-
Locational Factors of the Automobile Industry
-
Locational Factors of Cottage Industry
-
Locational Factors of Agro-based Industries
-
Industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertakings
-
Industrial Regionalisation in India
-
New industrial policies
-
Multinationals and Liberalisation in India
-
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in India
-
Tourism including eco-tourism
-
Evolution of industries
-
Transport, Communication, and Trade8 Submodules
-
Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development
-
Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade
-
Trade balance of India
-
India's Trade Policy: Evolution and Key Developments
-
Export processing zones
-
Developments in communication and information technology
-
Impacts of communication and information technology on economy and society
-
Indian Space Program: Achievements and Objectives
-
Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development
-
Cultural Setting14 Submodules
-
Historical Perspective of Indian Society
-
Racial, Linguistic & Ethnic Diversities in India
-
Religious Minorities in India: Demographic Overview
-
Major tribes & tribal areas
-
Tribal problems - Land alienation
-
Tribal problems - Poverty & indebtedness
-
Tribal problems - Low literacy & poor educational facilities
-
Tribal problems - Unemployment & underemployment
-
Tribal problems - Health and nutrition
-
Cultural Regions of India
-
Growth, distribution, and density of population in India
-
Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity
-
Migration (inter-regional, intraregional and international) and associated problems
-
Population problems and policies; Health indicators
-
Historical Perspective of Indian Society
-
Settlements9 Submodules
-
Types, patterns, and morphology of rural settlements
-
Urban developments in India
-
Morphology of Indian cities
-
Functional classification of Indian cities
-
Conurbations and metropolitan regions in India
-
Urban Sprawl in India
-
Slums and associated problems in India
-
Town planning in India
-
Problems of urbanization in India and remedies
-
Types, patterns, and morphology of rural settlements
-
Regional Development and Planning13 Submodules
-
Experience of regional planning in India
-
Five Year Plans in India
-
Integrated Rural Development Programmes (IRDP)
-
Panchayati Raj and decentralized planning
-
Command Area Development (CAD) in India
-
Watershed management
-
Planning for the backward area development
-
Planning for desert area development
-
Planning for drought-prone area development
-
Planning for hill area development
-
Planning for tribal area development
-
Multi-level planning in India
-
Regional planning and development of island territories
-
Experience of regional planning in India
-
Political Aspects8 Submodules
-
Contemporary Issues: Ecological issues20 Submodules
-
Environmental hazards: Landslides
-
Environmental hazards: Earthquakes
-
Environmental hazards: Tsunamis
-
Environmental hazards: Floods
-
Environmental hazards: Droughts
-
Environmental hazards: Epidemics
-
Issues relating to environmental pollution
-
Changes in patterns of land use
-
Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management
-
Population explosion
-
Food security
-
Environmental degradation
-
Deforestation, desertification, and soil erosion
-
Problems of agrarian unrest
-
Problems of industrial unrest
-
Regional disparities in economic development
-
Concept of sustainable growth and development
-
Environmental awareness
-
Linkage of rivers
-
Globalisation and Indian economy
-
Environmental hazards: Landslides
-
RELATED CURRENT AFFAIRSRelated current affairs
Module 1 of 24
In Progress
How to use, Sources & Abbreviations
How to use
For first reading
For revision
How to prevent eyestrain due to high screen time
- Click the dark mode icon on the top-right corner to read the modules in dark mode.
- Wear Anti-UV glasses. We recommend the below product that has been tried and tested by ourselves (It works!).
[collapse]
[collapse]
Referred Sources
General Studies
- Current affairs – Hindu, Indian Express, PIB, Down to Earth, & other news sources.
- Polity – Laxmikanth, DD Basu, Internet.
- Economy – Ramesh Singh, Internet.
- Art & Culture – Spectrum, Internet.
- Geography – NIOS, NCERT, Internet.
- Environment – NIOS, Shankar, Internet.
- Ancient India – R.S. Sharma (old NCERT), Internet.
- Medieval India – Satish Chandra, Internet.
- Modern India – Bipan Chandra, Internet.
- Post-independent India – Bipan Chandra, Internet.
- World History – Tamil Nadu Board book, Internet.
- International Relations – Internet.
- Ethics – Lexicon, Internet.
- Indian Society & Social Justice – NCERT, Internet.
- Internal Security – News & research papers.
- Disaster – News & research papers.
- Governance – Internet.
- Science & Technology – NCERT, Arihant, News sources.
[collapse]
Political Science (Optional)
- IGNOU MA Notes
- Political Theory by O P Gauba
- Global Politics by Andrew Heywoods
- VP Verma – Modern Indian political thoughts
- etc
[collapse]
Anthropology (Optional)
Paper 1:
- Physical Anthropology – P Nath
- Anthropology Simplified- Vivek Bhasme
- Anthropology – Ember and Ember
- epg pathashala
- ignou M.A Anthropology
Paper-II:
- ignou M.A Anthropology
- epg pathashala
- January 2014 edition of Yojana- Tribal and Marginalized Communities
- The Tribal Culture of India – LP Vidyarthi
- Tribal India – Nadeem Hasnain
- Indian Anthropology -Nadeem Hasnain
- Anthropology Simplified – Vivek Bhasme
[collapse]
Geography (Optional)
- Savindra Singh’s Geomorphology
- Savindra Singh’s Physical Geography
- Savindra Singh’s Climatology
- Savindra Singh’s Oceanography
- D.R khullar
- Majid Hussain
- Geographical thought by R. D Dikshit
- Internet
[collapse]
Sociology (Optional)
- Haralambos and Holborn (blue & orange )
- IGNOU Material
- Seeing sociology in everyday life by J.J.Macionis
- Sociological theory – George Ritzer
- Oxford Dictionary of Sociology
- Research papers from the internet
[collapse]
History (Optional)
Standard sources like NCERT, Ignou, Upinder Singh, R.S.Sharma, Romila Thapar, Satish Chandra, Bipin Chandra, etc + Internet.
[collapse]
Psychology (Optional)
Standard sources like XI & XII NCERT, Robert A Baron, Morgan and King, Saundra Ciccarelli, Robert S. Feldman, A K Singh, Smarak Swain
[collapse]
[collapse]
Abbreviations (GS only)
If you’ve found any abbreviations not provided in the list below, please contact us here.
General
- WRT – With respect to
- NOTH – Need of the hour
- W.O – With Out
- AKA – Also Known As
- 1ly – Only
- Sev – Several
- Misc – Miscellaneous
- Diff – Difference
[collapse]
Polity
- Const – Constitution
- C – Central Government
- S – State Government
- P – Parliament
- L – Legislature
- E – Executive
- SL – State Legislature
- SLA – State Legislative Assembly
- SLC – State Legislative Council
- CAA – Constitutional Amendment Act
- CFOI – Consolidated Fund of India
- CFOS – Consolidated Fund of State
- BS – Basic Structure
- COM – Council of Ministers
[collapse]
Economy
- P.P – Purchasing Power
- M.T – Monitorable Targets
- MLP – Multi-Level Planning
- CFOI – Consolidated Fund of India
- CFOS – Consolidated Fund of State
[collapse]
[collapse]