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[Newsbits] 22.11.2023

Santhosh Kumar 22/11/2023
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newsbits mindmap notes

PARAKH (Performance assessment, review, and analysis of knowledge for holistic development)

PARAKH(Performance assessment, review, and analysis of knowledge for holistic development) mind map India's national assessment regulator Established 2020 In line with National education policy (NEP) Functions Set standards for student assessment Create evaluation criteria Aim Eliminate score disparities Among different state boards

Express Learning Programme (ELP)

Learn/Revise 10X Faster!

Sathee (Self-assessment test and help for entrance exams)

SATHEE (Self-assessment test and help for entrance exams) mind map Open learning platform Launched by Ministry of education IIT-Kanpur Features No cost preparation Materials in multiple languages

Prelims Sureshots – Most Probable Topics for UPSC Prelims

A Compilation of the Most Probable Topics for UPSC Prelims, including Schemes, Freedom Fighters, Judgments, Acts, National Parks, Government Agencies, Space Missions, and more. Get a guaranteed 120+ marks!

Southern annular mode (SAM)

Southern annular mode (SAM) mind map Discovered by INCOIS Role Shaping sea conditions Indian Ocean Description North-south movement Southern westerly winds Timescales Decades to centuries Defined as pressure difference At 40°S and 65°S Importance Influences wave patterns Climate driver Affects rainfall and temperature Swell waves specifics Regular, longer period waves Generated by energy beneath surface Self-sustaining Key regions in Indian Ocean Extratropical southern Indian Ocean (ETSI) Tropical southern Indian Ocean (TSIO) Phases Positive SAM phase Anomalous air pressure distribution Effects on weather and wave activity Negative SAM phase Pressure and wind shifts Impact on wave heights Significance of SAM study Predict sea state windows Utilization by oil and shipping industries Aids in Coastal planning Resource management Disaster preparedness

Atmospheric waves experiment (AWE)

Atmospheric waves experiment (AWE) mind map Mission of opportunity Under NASA's heliophysics explorers program Objectives Study terrestrial and space weather interactions Investigate airglow Bands of light in Earth's atmosphere Features Advanced mesospheric temperature mapper (ATMT) Mounted on ISS Record airglow at mesopause Infrared bandwidth Mesopause details Between mesosphere and thermosphere Altitude 85 to 87 km above Earth's surface Temperature Dips to -100° C Functions Image airglow continuously Study atmospheric gravity waves (AGW) Produced by weather events like thunderstorms Contribute to space weather Space weather specifics Environment around Earth and other planets Influenced by Sun-bound emissions Surrounding matters in space Earth's influence Extreme terrestrial weather impacts space conditions Importance Affects vital Earth installations Satellite communication Radio communication Space-based infrastructures Aircraft orbits Stations Effects of space weather Atmospheric phenomena Energetic electrons Damage to spacecraft electronics Solar flare protons Radiation effects On avionics Communications Earth impacts Ionospheric currents GPS signal scintillation Disruption in navigation systems Geomagnetically induced currents In power systems Potential for outages Telluric currents in pipelines Corrosion risks Induced effects in submarine cables Communication disruptions

International Space Station (ISS)

International Space Station (ISS) mind map Context Expedition 70 crew activities Space biology Dragon spacecraft activities Celebrating ISS 25th anniversary Complex international project Science and engineering Largest human-made structure in space Serves as Laboratory for new technologies Observation platform Research facility Orbit Earth Average altitude of 400 kilometers Circles globe every 90 minutes Construction Piece by piece in orbit First module Zarya launched in 1998 Built by Five space agencies 15 countries Components NASA (USA) Roscosmos (Russia) JAXA (Japan) Canadian Space Agency European Space Agency Size ISS weight Almost 400 tonnes Area coverage As big as a football pitch Russia's role Course corrections Avoid space debris Facilitate astronaut transport Withdrawal of support 2022 due to Ukraine conflict Importance of ISS Crew members Conduct research Microgravity Life support systems Radiation environment Future human space exploration Medical discoveries Osteoporosis treatments Muscle atrophy understanding Technological advancements ISS construction impacts Support systems Space exploration Notable successes Mission life Operation expected until 2030 China's mission Tianhe space station Permanently crewed Launched in 2021 20 space station missions planned India's mission Own space station by 2030 Astronauts stay for 15-20 days

International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)

International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) mind map Context 59th International Tropical Timber Council (ITTC) Annual session focus Sustainable tropical forest management Trade of sustainably produced tropical timber Source DTE Timber definition Processed wood Applications Construction Furniture Other industries Primary raw material Wood industry ITTO details Formation 1986 Headquarters Yokohama, Japan Intergovernmental organization Promotes conservation Tropical forest resources Sustainable management, use, trade Governing body International Tropical Timber Council (ITTC) Membership India as founding member

United Service Institution of India (USI)

United Service Institution of India (USI) mind map Context USI organizing Annual UN Forum 2023 Location New Delhi Focus International Humanitarian Law and Peacekeeping Collaboration International Committee of the Red Cross Centre for UN Peacekeeping Operations Challenges addressed Application of IHL principles Contemporary UN peacekeeping missions Source PIB About USI Oldest think-tank in India Established in 1870 Platform for Research Debate Topics National security Military affairs

E Prime Layer

E Prime Layer mind map Context Study by international team Researchers included Arizona State University Source Astrobiology E-Prime Layer Distinct layer Outermost part of Earth's core Formation Surface water penetration Over billions of years Characteristics Hydrogen-rich Silicon-depleted Reaction with core's silicon Core-mantle boundary Previous belief Minimal material exchange Core and mantle New findings Tectonic plates transport Surface water To core-mantle boundary Depth of around 1,800 miles Chemical reaction Forms silica Creates E-Prime Layer Significance Understanding of Earth's processes Magnetic field Heat generation Plate tectonics Earth's layers & Discontinuties Crust Mohorovičić Discontinuity (Moho) Mantle Upper Repetti Discontinuity Transition Lehmann Discontinuity Lower Gutenberg Discontinuity Outer Core Lehmann Discontinuity Core-mantle boundary Inner Core Bullen Discontinuity Inner core boundary

Langlands program & Abel Prize

Langlands program & Abel Prize mind map Context Initiated in 1967 Mathematician Robert Langlands Abel Prize in 2018 World's largest mathematics project Source TH Definition Research initiative Aims to connect Number theory Harmonic analysis Significance Impact on various branches Mathematics Breakthroughs Solving mathematical problems Abel Prize Prestigious mathematics award Named after Niels Henrik Abel Established in 2002 Norwegian Parliament Recognizes Scientific achievements Mathematics 2023 recipient Luis Caffarelli Contributions to Regularity theory Nonlinear partial differential equations

Ice stupas

Ice stupas mind map Context Ladakh water crisis Flash flooding Decrease in meadows Pasture for pashmina goats Source BBC Invented by engineer Sonam Wangchuk Structure Resemble Buddhist stupas Created by Freezing water in winter Purpose Provide water supply in spring Popularity Gained in Ladakh How Ice Stupas work

Oxfam Report on Climate Inequality

Oxfam Report on Climate Inequality mind map Context Oxfam report Climate equality A planet for the 99% Richest 1% carbon emission Equivalent to poorest 66% 1.3 million heat-related deaths Source DTE Oxfam Climate inequality Definition Unequal distribution Impacts of climate change Vulnerable communities Disproportionate effects Disparities Exposure to risks Access to resources Contribution to emissions Major findings Wealthiest 1% in 2019 16% global carbon emissions Equivalent Poorest 66% of humanity Since 1990s Top 1% carbon emission Twice the carbon budget Poorest half of humanity By 2030 Projected emissions Over 22 times safe limit Below 1.5°C global warming Annual emissions by super-rich 1% Cancel out savings Million onshore wind turbines Tax proposal 60% on incomes Super-rich 1% of earners Cut carbon equivalent Total emissions of UK Raise funds Over US$6 trillion Renewable energy Transition away from fossil fuels Various impacts of carbon inequality Emission disparities Top 1% emissions Since 1990s Twice carbon budget Poorest half Heat-related deaths Super-rich 1% emissions in 2019 1.3 million deaths Increase expected Extreme temperatures Impact on agricultural production Global food system inequality Soaring food prices Disproportionate effect Impoverished populations Global South Economic inequalities Least responsible countries Worst climate consequences Least recovery ability Exacerbates Global economic disparities Climate apartheid Wealthy countries and individuals Insulated from worst consequences Gender disparities Women disproportionately affected Lower socio-economic status Less access to relief and assistance Reduced life expectancy Following climate disasters Living conditions Wealthier individuals Better insulated Example Dharavi slums No adequate heat protection Higher temperatures Neighbouring richer suburbs Implications for hunger and malnutrition Soaring food prices Extreme weather events Future of hunger People at or near poverty Poorest spend more Income on food Link between Carbon inequality Access to essential resources Food Solutions to address climate inequality Vision, political will, and commitment Just and equal transformation Depends on Visionary leadership Political will Prioritizing well-being Majority Mitigate extreme weather events Invest in resilient infrastructure Vulnerable areas Implement early warning systems At-risk communities Equitable distribution Disaster response resources Marginalized groups Priority in climate policies Inclusivity in decision-making Targeted support Marginalized communities Examples PDS MGNREGA Food security Develop climate-resilient agriculture Food systems Policies Economic food inequalities Support local food production Distribution Economic equalities Fair global trade policies Financial support Most affected countries Example PM KISAN Technology transfer Sustainable development Compensation for climate debts Strengthen climate finance commitments Explore reparations Historical harm Fast, just transition away from fossil fuels Taxation of wealthiest Generate funds Transition Compensate loss and damage Ending non-essential overconsumption Advocated by report Particularly Wealthiest individuals Global society Example India's LiFE initiative

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