Understanding BUR-4: India’s Climate Commitments and Achievements Explained
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Source: IE
India’s recent submission of its Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) outlines its climate progress and future targets. The report highlights a 36% reduction in GDP emissions intensity between 2005 and 2020, showcasing India’s commitment to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while expanding its economy.
What is the Biennial Update Report (BUR)?
Under the UNFCCC, developing countries like India are required to submit the BUR, detailing their climate actions and commitments. The report includes:
- A national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory.
- Information on climate mitigation strategies.
- Updates on financial and technological assistance received.
Key Highlights of BUR-4
- Emissions Inventory:
India reported total GHG emissions of 2,959 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2020, with net emissions at 2,437 million tonnes after considering absorption by forestry. Notably, total emissions dropped by 7.93% from 2019 levels but surged 98.34% since 1994. - Sectoral Contributions:
- Energy: Largest contributor (75.66%), with electricity generation accounting for 39% of emissions.
- Agriculture: 13.72%.
- Industrial processes: 8.06%.
- Waste management: 2.56%.
- Greenhouse Gas Breakdown:
- CO2: 80.53%.
- Methane: 13.32%.
- Nitrous Oxide: 5.13%.
- Others: 1.02%.
Progress on Climate Commitments
India is progressing towards its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):
- GDP Emission Intensity: A 36% reduction achieved between 2005 and 2020. Target: 45% by 2030.
- Non-Fossil Fuel Energy: Non-fossil fuel power capacity stands at 46.52% as of October 2024. Target: 50% by 2030.
- Carbon Sink: An additional sink of 2.29 billion tonnes of CO2 created between 2005 and 2021. Target: 2.5-3 billion tonnes by 2030.
- Net Zero Goal: India aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2070.
Energy Efficiency and PAT Scheme
The Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) Scheme has been pivotal in reducing energy consumption:
- Cement: 3.35 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) saved.
- Iron and Steel: 6.14 Mtoe.
- Thermal Power: 7.72 Mtoe saved, preventing 28.74 million tonnes of CO2 emissions.
Technological Needs for Climate Action
India emphasizes the need for advanced technologies for sustainable growth, including:
- Energy: Floating wind turbines, ultra-efficient photovoltaic cells, and geothermal energy.
- Industrial: Carbon capture and storage for sectors like cement and steel.
- Water: Solar-powered desalination for arid regions.
However, challenges such as intellectual property rights and limited international technology transfer slow progress.
Conclusion
India’s BUR-4 demonstrates significant progress in reducing emissions intensity and advancing climate goals, reflecting its commitment to the Paris Agreement. Despite challenges like technology transfer barriers and increasing emissions from industrial growth, the country’s efforts in renewable energy adoption, energy efficiency, and carbon sink creation are commendable. With continued focus on innovation, global collaboration, and sustainable practices, India can strengthen its position as a key player in global climate mitigation efforts.
Practice Question:
Discuss the significance of India’s Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) in achieving its climate commitments under the Paris Agreement. Highlight challenges and potential solutions. (250 words)
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